cont_setintensity.cpp

Go to the documentation of this file.

/* This file is part of Cloudy and is copyright (C)1978-2022 by Gary J. Ferland and
 * others.  For conditions of distribution and use see copyright notice in license.txt */
/*ContSetIntensity derive intensity of incident continuum */
/*extin do extinction of incident continuum as set by extinguish command */
/*sumcon sums L and Q for net incident continuum */
/*conorm normalize continuum to proper intensity */
/*qintr integrates Q for any continuum between two limits, used for normalization */
/*pintr integrates L for any continuum between two limits, used for normalization */
#include "cddefines.h"
#include "iso.h"
#include "noexec.h"
#include "ionbal.h"
#include "hextra.h"
#include "trace.h"
#include "oxy.h"
#include "conv.h"
#include "prt.h"
#include "heavy.h"
#include "rfield.h"
#include "phycon.h"
#include "called.h"
#include "hydrogenic.h"
#include "timesc.h"
#include "secondaries.h"
#include "opacity.h"
#include "thermal.h"
#include "ipoint.h"
#include "atmdat_adfa.h"
#include "rt.h"
#include "radius.h"
#include "geometry.h"
#include "grainvar.h"
#include "continuum.h"
#include "ion_trim.h"
#include "freebound.h"
#include "dense.h"

/*conorm normalize continuum to proper intensity */
STATIC void conorm();

/*pintr integrates L for any continuum between two limits, used for normalization */
STATIC double pintr(double penlo, double penhi);

/*qintr integrates Q for any continuum between two limits, used for normalization */
STATIC double qintr(double qenlo, double qenhi);

/*sumcon sums L and Q for net incident continuum */
STATIC void sumcon(long int il, 
  long int ih, 
  realnum *q, 
  realnum *p, 
  realnum *panu);

/*extin do extinction of incident continuum as set by extinguish command */
STATIC void extin(realnum *ex1ryd);

void IncidentContinuumHere()
{

        DEBUG_ENTRY( "IncidentContinuumHere()" );
        double frac_beam_time;
        /* fraction of beamed continuum that is constant */
        double frac_beam_const;
        /* fraction of continuum that is isotropic */
        double frac_isotropic;

        double BigLog = 0.;
        for( long i = 0; i<rfield.nflux; ++i )
        {
                double flux_org = rfield.flux[0][i];
                double flux_now = ffun( rfield.anu(i) , 
                        &frac_beam_time ,
                        &frac_beam_const ,
                        &frac_isotropic )*rfield.widflx(i)*rfield.ExtinguishFactor[i];

                double ratio = 1.;
                if( flux_org>SMALLFLOAT && flux_now>SMALLFLOAT )
                {
                        ratio = fabs( log10( flux_now / flux_org ) );
                        BigLog = max( ratio , BigLog );
                }
        }

        if( BigLog > 0.01 )
                fprintf(ioQQQ , "DEBUG diff continua %.2e\n", BigLog );
        return;
}

/* called by Cloudy to set up continuum */
void ContSetIntensity()
{
        bool lgCheckOK;

        long int i, 
          ip, 
          n;

        realnum EdenHeav, 
          ex1ryd, 
          factor, 
          occ1, 
          p, 
          p1, 
          p2, 
          p3, 
          p4, 
          p5, 
          p6, 
          p7, 
          p8,
          pgn, 
          phe, 
          pheii, 
          qgn;

        realnum xIoniz;

        double HCaseBRecCoeff,
          ecrit, 
          tcompr, 
          tcomp, 
          RatioIonizToRecomb, 
          r3ov2;

        double peak;

        /* fraction of beamed continuum that is varies with time */
        double frac_beam_time;
        /* fraction of beamed continuum that is constant */
        double frac_beam_const;
        /* fraction of continuum that is isotropic */
        double frac_isotropic;

        long int nelem , ion;

        DEBUG_ENTRY( "ContSetIntensity()" );

        /* set continuum */
        if( trace.lgTrace )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " ContSetIntensity called.\n" );
        }

        /* find normalization factors for the continua - this decides whether continuum is
         * per unit area of luminosity, and which is desired final product */
        conorm();

        /* define factors to convert rfeld.flux array into photon occupation array OCCNUM
         * by multiplication */
        factor = (realnum)(EN1RYD/PI4/FR1RYD/HNU3C2);

        /*------------------------------------------------------------- */
        lgCheckOK = true;

        for( i=0; i < rfield.nflux_with_check; i++ )
        {
                double flux = ffun( rfield.anu(i), &frac_beam_time, &frac_beam_const, &frac_isotropic );
                ASSERT( fabs(1.-frac_beam_time-frac_beam_const-frac_isotropic) < 10.*FLT_EPSILON );
                        
                /* This is a fix for ticket #1 */
                if( flux*rfield.widflx(i) > BIGFLOAT )
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, "\n Cannot continue.  The continuum is far too intense.\n" );
                        cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }

                rfield.flux[0][i] = (realnum)(flux*rfield.widflx(i));

                /* save separation into isotropic constant and beamed, and possibly 
                 * time-variable beamed continua */
                rfield.flux_beam_const[i] = rfield.flux[0][i] * (realnum)frac_beam_const;
                rfield.flux_beam_time[i] = rfield.flux[0][i] * (realnum)frac_beam_time;
                rfield.flux_isotropic[i] = rfield.flux[0][i] * (realnum)frac_isotropic;

                if( rfield.flux[0][i] < 0. )
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " negative continuum returned at%6ld%10.2e%10.2e\n", 
                          i, rfield.anu(i), rfield.flux[0][i] );
                        lgCheckOK = false;
                }

                rfield.ContBoltz[i] = 0.;
                rfield.ContBoltzHelp1[i] = 0.;
                rfield.ContBoltzHelp2[i] = 0.;
                rfield.ContBoltzAvg[i] = 0.;
                rfield.ConEmitReflec[0][i] = 0.;
                rfield.ConEmitOut[0][i] = 0.;
                rfield.convoc[i] = factor/rfield.widflx(i)/rfield.anu2(i);
        }

        if( !lgCheckOK )
        {
                ShowMe();
                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        if( trace.lgTrace && trace.lgComBug )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, "\n\n Compton heating, cooling coefficients \n" );
                for( i=0; i < rfield.nflux_with_check; i += 2 )
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, "%6ld%10.2e%10.2e%10.2e", i, rfield.anu(i), 
                          rfield.csigh[i], rfield.csigc[i] );
                }
                fprintf( ioQQQ, "\n" );
        }

        /* extinguish continuum if set on */
        extin(&ex1ryd);

        /* now find peak of hydrogen ionizing continuum - for PDR calculations
         * this will remain equal to 1 since the loop will not execute */
        prt.ipeak = 1;
        peak = 0.;

        for( i=iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].fb[ipH1s].ipIsoLevNIonCon-1; i < rfield.nflux_with_check; i++ )
        {
                if( rfield.flux[0][i]*rfield.anu(i)/rfield.widflx(i) > (realnum)peak )
                {
                        /* prt.ipeak points to largest f_nu at H-ionizing energies
                         * and is passed to other parts of code */
                        /* i+1 to keep ipeak on fortran version of energy array */
                        prt.ipeak = i+1;
                        peak = rfield.flux[0][i]*rfield.anu(i)/rfield.widflx(i);
                }
        }

        /* find highest energy to consider in continuum flux array
         * peak is the peak product nu*flux */
        peak = rfield.flux[0][prt.ipeak-1]/rfield.widflx(prt.ipeak-1)*
          rfield.anu2(prt.ipeak-1);

        /* say what type of cpu this is, if desired */
        if( trace.lgTrace )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " ContSetIntensity: The peak of the H-ion continuum is at %.3e Ryd - its value is %.2e\n", 
                  rfield.anu(prt.ipeak-1) , peak);
        }

        if( peak > 1e38 )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " PROBLEM DISASTER The continuum is too intense to compute. Use a fainter continuum. (This is the nu*f_nu test)\n" );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " Sorry.\n" );
                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        /* >>chng 04 oct 10, add this limit - arrays will malloc to nupper, but will add unit
         * continuum to [nflux] - this must be within array */
        rfield.nflux = MIN2( rfield.nflux_with_check-1 , rfield.nflux );
        rfield.nPositive = rfield.nflux;

        /* check that continuum defined everywhere - look for zero's and comment if present */
        continuum.lgCon0 = false;
        ip = 0;
        for( i=0; i < rfield.nflux; i++ )
        {
                if( rfield.flux[0][i] == 0. )
                {
                        if( called.lgTalk && !continuum.lgCon0 )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " NOTE Setcon: continuum has zero intensity starting at %11.4e Ryd.\n", 
                                  rfield.anu(i) );
                                continuum.lgCon0 = true;
                        }
                        ++ip;
                }
        }

        if( continuum.lgCon0 && called.lgTalk )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, 
                        "%6ld cells in the incident continuum have zero intensity.  Problems???\n\n", 
                  ip );
        }

        /* check for devastating error in the continuum mesh or intensity */
        lgCheckOK = true;
        for( i=1; i < rfield.nflux; i++ )
        {
                if( rfield.flux[0][i] < 0. )
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, 
                                " PROBLEM DISASTER Continuum has negative intensity at %.4e Ryd=%.2e %4.4s %4.4s\n", 
                          rfield.anu(i), rfield.flux[0][i], rfield.chLineLabel[i].c_str(), rfield.chContLabel[i].c_str() );
                        lgCheckOK = false;
                }
                else if( rfield.anu(i) <= rfield.anu(i-1) )
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, 
                                " PROBLEM DISASTER cont_setintensity - internal error - continuum energies not in increasing order: energies follow\n" );
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, 
                                "%ld %e %ld %e %ld %e\n", 
                          i -1 , rfield.anu(i-1), i, rfield.anu(i), i +1, rfield.anu(i+1) );
                        lgCheckOK = false;
                }
        }

        /* either of the ways lgCheckOK would be set true would be a major internal error */
        if( !lgCheckOK )
        {
                ShowMe();
                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        /* turn off recoil ionization if high energy < 190R */
        if( rfield.anu(rfield.nflux-1) <= 190 )
        {
                ionbal.lgCompRecoil = false;
        }

        /* sum photons and energy, save mean */

        /* sum from low energy to Balmer edge */
        sumcon(1,iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].fb[ipH2p].ipIsoLevNIonCon-1,&rfield.qrad,&prt.pradio,&p1);

        /* sum over Balmer continuum */
        sumcon(iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].fb[ipH2p].ipIsoLevNIonCon,iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].fb[ipH1s].ipIsoLevNIonCon-1,&rfield.qbal,&prt.pbal,&p2);

        /* sum from Lyman edge to HeI edge */
        sumcon(iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].fb[ipH1s].ipIsoLevNIonCon,
                iso_sp[ipHE_LIKE][ipHELIUM].fb[0].ipIsoLevNIonCon-1,&prt.q,&p,&p3);

        /* sum from HeI to HeII edges */
        sumcon(iso_sp[ipHE_LIKE][ipHELIUM].fb[0].ipIsoLevNIonCon,
                iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHELIUM].fb[ipH1s].ipIsoLevNIonCon-1,&rfield.qhe,&phe,&p4);

        /* sum from Lyman edge to carbon k-shell */
        sumcon(iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHELIUM].fb[ipH1s].ipIsoLevNIonCon,opac.ipCKshell-1,&rfield.qheii,&pheii,&p5);

        /* sum from c k-shell to gamma ray - where pairs start */
        sumcon( opac.ipCKshell , rfield.ipEnerGammaRay-1 , &prt.qx,
                &prt.xpow ,  &p6);

        /* complete sum up to high-energy limit */
        sumcon(rfield.ipEnerGammaRay,rfield.nflux,&prt.qgam,&prt.GammaLumin, &p7);

        /* find to estimate photoerosion timescale */
        n = ipoint(7.35e5);
        sumcon(n,rfield.nflux,&qgn,&pgn,&p8);
        timesc.TimeErode = qgn;

        /* find Compton temp */
        double TotalPower = (prt.pradio + prt.pbal +
                          p + phe + pheii + prt.xpow + prt.GammaLumin);
        if( TotalPower>SMALLFLOAT )
        {
                tcompr = (p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 + p5 + p6 + p7)/TotalPower;
                tcomp = tcompr/(4.*6.272e-6);
        }
        else
        {
                tcompr = 0.;
                tcomp = 0.;
        }

        if( trace.lgTrace )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, 
                        " mean photon energy=%10.3eR =%10.3eK low, high nu=%12.4e%12.4e\n", 
                         tcompr, tcomp, rfield.anumin(0), rfield.anumax(rfield.nflux-1) );
        }

        /* this is total power in ionizing radiation, per unit area */
        prt.powion = p + phe + pheii + prt.xpow + prt.GammaLumin;

        /* this is the total radiation intensity, erg cm-2 s-1 */
        continuum.TotalLumin = prt.pradio + prt.powion + prt.pbal;

        /* this is placed into the line stack on the first zone, then
         * reset to zero, to end up with luminosity in the emission lines array.
         * at end of iteration it is reset to TotalLumin */
        continuum.totlsv = continuum.TotalLumin;

        /* total H-ionizing photon number, */
        rfield.qhtot = prt.q + rfield.qhe + rfield.qheii + prt.qx + prt.qgam;

        /* ftotal photon number, all energies  */
        rfield.qtot = rfield.qhtot + rfield.qbal + rfield.qrad;

        if( prt.powion <= 0. && called.lgTalk )
        {
                rfield.lgHionRad = true;
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " NOTE There is no hydrogen-ionizing radiation.\n" );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " Was this intended?\n\n" );
                /* check if any Balmer ionizing radiation since even metals will be 
                 * totally neutral */
                if( prt.pbal <=0. && called.lgTalk  )
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " NOTE There is no Balmer continuum radiation.<<<<\n" );
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " Was this intended?\n\n" );
                }
        }

        else
        {
                rfield.lgHionRad = false;
        }

        /* option to add energy deposition due to fast neutrons, 
         * entered as fraction of total photon luminosity */
        if( hextra.lgNeutrnHeatOn )
        {
                /* hextra.totneu is erg cm-2 s-1 in neutrons 
                 * hextra.effneu - efficiency default is unity */
                hextra.totneu = (realnum)(hextra.effneu*continuum.TotalLumin*
                        exp10(hextra.frcneu));
        }
        else
        {
                hextra.totneu = (realnum)0.;
        }

        /* temp correspond to energy density, printed in STARTR */
        phycon.TEnerDen = powpq(continuum.TotalLumin/(4.*STEFAN_BOLTZ),1,4);
        
        /* sanity check for single blackbody, that energy density temperature
         * is smaller than black body temperature */
        if( rfield.nShape==1 && 
                strcmp( rfield.chSpType[rfield.nShape-1], "BLACK" )==0 )
        {
                /* single black body, now confirm that TEnerDen is less than this temperature,
                 * >>>chng 99 may 02,
                 * in lte these are very very close, factor of 1.00001 allows for numerical
                 * errors, and apparently slightly different atomic coef in different parts
                 * of code.  eventaully all mustuse physonst.h and agree exactly */
                if( phycon.TEnerDen > 1.0001f*rfield.slope[rfield.nShape-1] )
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ,
                                "\n WARNING:  The energy density temperature (%g) is greater than the"
                                " black body temperature (%g).  This is unphysical.\n\n",
                                phycon.TEnerDen , rfield.slope[rfield.nShape-1]);
                }
        }

        /* incident continuum nu*f_nu at Hbeta and Ly-alpha */
        continuum.cn4861 = (realnum)(ffun(0.1875)*HPLANCK*FR1RYD*0.1875*0.1875);
        continuum.cn1216 = (realnum)(ffun(0.75)*HPLANCK*FR1RYD*0.75*0.75);
        continuum.sv4861 = continuum.cn4861;
        continuum.sv1216 = continuum.cn1216;
        /* flux density in V, erg / s / cm2 / hz */
        continuum.fluxv = (realnum)(ffun(0.1643)*HPLANCK*0.1643);
        continuum.fbeta = (realnum)(ffun(0.1875)*HPLANCK*0.1875*6.167e14);

        /* flux density nu*Fnu = erg / s / cm2
         * EX1RYD is optional extinction factor at 1 ryd */
        prt.fx1ryd = (realnum)(ffun(1.000)*HPLANCK*ex1ryd*FR1RYD);

        realnum plsFrqConstant = (realnum)(ELEM_CHARGE_ESU/sqrt(PI*ELECTRON_MASS)/FR1RYD);
        ASSERT( plsFrqConstant > 2.7e-12 && plsFrqConstant < 2.8e-12 );
        
        /* check for plasma frequency - then zero out incident continuum
         * for energies below this
         * this is critical electron density, shielding of incident continuum
         * if electron density is greater than this */
        ecrit = POW2(rfield.anu(0)/plsFrqConstant);

        if( dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN]*1.2 > ecrit )
        {
                rfield.lgPlasNu = true;
                // This should be electron density, but we don't know that yet.
                // We use n_H (with 1.2 factor for He) as an ansatz.
                rfield.plsfrq = plsFrqConstant*sqrt(dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN]*1.2f);
                rfield.plsfrqmax = rfield.plsfrq;
                rfield.ipPlasma = ipoint(rfield.plsfrq);

                /* save max pointer too */
                rfield.ipPlasmax = rfield.ipPlasma;

                /* now loop over all affected energies, setting incident continuum
                 * to zero there, and counting all as reflected */
                /* >>chng 01 jul 14, from i < ipPlasma to ipPlasma-1 - 
                 * when ipPlasma is 1 plasma freq is not on energy scale */
                for( i=0; i < rfield.ipPlasma-1; i++ )
                {
                        /* count as reflected incident continuum */
                        rfield.ConRefIncid[0][i] = rfield.flux[0][i];
                        /* set continuum to zero there */
                        rfield.flux_beam_const[i] = 0.;
                        rfield.flux_beam_time[i] = 0.;
                        rfield.flux_isotropic[i] = 0.;
                        rfield.flux[0][i] = rfield.flux_beam_const[i] + rfield.flux_beam_time[i] +
                                rfield.flux_isotropic[i];
                }
        }
        else
        {
                rfield.lgPlasNu = false;
                /* >>chng 01 jul 14, from 0 to 1 - 1 is the first array element on the F scale,
                 * ipoint would return this, so rest of code assumes ipPlasma is 1 plus correct index */
                rfield.ipPlasma = 1;
                rfield.plsfrqmax = 0.;
                rfield.plsfrq = 0.;
        }

        if( rfield.ipPlasma > 1 && called.lgTalk )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, 
                        "           !The plasma frequency is %.2e Ryd.  The incident continuum is set to 0 below this.\n", 
                  rfield.plsfrq );
        }

        rfield.occmax = 0.;
        rfield.tbrmax = 0.;
        for( i=0; i < rfield.nflux_with_check; i++ )
        {
                /* set up occupation number array */
                rfield.OccNumbIncidCont[i] = rfield.flux[0][i]*rfield.convoc[i];
                if( rfield.OccNumbIncidCont[i] > rfield.occmax )
                {
                        rfield.occmax = rfield.OccNumbIncidCont[i];
                        rfield.occmnu = rfield.anu(i);
                }
                /* following product is continuum brightness temperature */
                if( rfield.OccNumbIncidCont[i]*TE1RYD*rfield.anu(i) > rfield.tbrmax )
                {
                        rfield.tbrmax = (realnum)(rfield.OccNumbIncidCont[i]*TE1RYD*rfield.anu(i));
                        rfield.tbrmnu = rfield.anu(i);
                }
                /* save continuum for next iteration */
                rfield.flux_total_incident[0][i] = rfield.flux[0][i];
                rfield.flux_beam_const_save[i] = rfield.flux_beam_const[i];
                rfield.flux_time_beam_save[i] = rfield.flux_beam_time[i];
                rfield.flux_isotropic_save[i] = rfield.flux_isotropic[i];
                /*fprintf(ioQQQ,"DEBUG type cont %li\t%.3e\t%.2e\t%.2e\t%.2e\t%.2e\n",
                        i, rfield.anu(i),
                        rfield.flux[0][i],rfield.flux_beam_const[i],rfield.flux_beam_time[i],
                        rfield.flux_isotropic[i]);
                fflush(ioQQQ);*/
        }

        /* if continuum brightness temp is large, where does it fall below
         * 1e4k??? */
        if( rfield.tbrmax > 1e4 )
        {
                i = ipoint(rfield.tbrmnu)-1;
                while( i < rfield.nflux_with_check-1 && (rfield.OccNumbIncidCont[i]*TE1RYD*
                  rfield.anu(i) > 1e4) )
                {
                        ++i;
                }
                rfield.tbr4nu = rfield.anu(i);
        }
        else
        {
                rfield.tbr4nu = 0.;
        }

        /* if continuum occ num is large, where does it fall below 1? */
        if( rfield.occmax > 1. )
        {
                i = ipoint(rfield.occmnu)-1;
                while( i < rfield.nflux_with_check && (rfield.OccNumbIncidCont[i] > 1.) )
                {
                        ++i;
                }
                rfield.occ1nu = rfield.anu(i);
        }
        else
        {
                rfield.occ1nu = 0.;
        }

        /* remember if incident radiation field is less than 10*Habing ISM */
        /* >>chng 06 aug 01, change this test from continuum.TotalLumin to 
         * energy in balmer and ionizing continuum, since this is the true habing field
         * and is the continuum that interacts with gas.  When CMB set this
         * tests on total did not trigger due to cold blackbody, which has little
         * effect on gas, other than compton */
        if( (prt.powion + prt.pbal) < 1.8e-2 )
        {
                /* thermal.ConstTemp def is zero, set pos when constant temperature is set */
                rfield.lgHabing = true;
                /* >>chng 06 aug 01 also print warning if substantially below Habing, this may be a mistake */
                if( ((prt.powion + prt.pbal) < 1.8e-12) &&
                        /* this is test for not constant temperature */
                        (!thermal.lgTemperatureConstant) )
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, "\n >>>\n"
                                                        " >>> NOTE The incident continuum is surprisingly faint.\n" );
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, 
                                " >>> The total energy in the Balmer and Lyman continua is %.2e erg cm-2 s-1.\n"
                                ,(prt.powion + prt.pbal));
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " >>> This is many orders of magnitude fainter than the ISM galactic background.\n" );
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " >>> This seems unphysical - please check that the continuum intensity has been properly set.\n" );
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " >>> YOU MAY BE MAKING A BIG MISTAKE!!\n >>>\n\n\n\n" );
                }
        }

        /* fix ionization parameter (per hydrogen) at inner edge */
        rfield.uh = (realnum)(rfield.qhtot/
                                                                 (dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN]*SPEEDLIGHT));
        rfield.uheii = (realnum)((rfield.qheii + prt.qx)/
                                                                         (dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN]*SPEEDLIGHT));
        if( rfield.uh > 1e10 )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, "\n\n"
                                                " CAUTION The incident radiation field is surprisingly intense.\n" );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, 
                        " The dimensionless hydrogen ionization parameter is %.2e.\n"
                        , rfield.uh );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " This is many orders of magnitude brighter than commonly seen.\n" );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " This seems unphysical - please check that the radiation field intensity has been properly set.\n" );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " YOU MAY BE MAKING A BIG MISTAKE!!\n\n\n\n\n" );
        }

        /* guess first temperature and neutral h density */
        double TeNew;
        if( thermal.ConstTemp > 0. )
        {
                TeNew = thermal.ConstTemp;
        }
        else
        {
                if( rfield.uh > 0. )
                {
                        TeNew = (20000.+log10(rfield.uh)*5000.);
                        TeNew = MAX2(8000. , TeNew );
                }
                else
                {
                        TeNew = 1000.;
                }
        }
        TempChange( TeNew );

        /* this is an option to stop after printing header only */
        if( noexec.lgNoExec )
                return;

        /* estimate secondary ionization rate - probably 0, but possible extra
         * SetCsupra set with "set csupra" */
        /* >>>chng 99 apr 29, added cosmic ray ionization since this is used to get
         * helium ionization fraction, and was zero in pdr, so He turned off at start,
         * and never turned back on */
        /* coef on cryden is from highen.c */
        for( nelem=ipHYDROGEN; nelem<LIMELM; ++nelem )
        {
                for( ion=0; ion<nelem+1; ++ion )
                {
                        secondaries.csupra[nelem][ion] = 
                                secondaries.SetCsupra + hextra.cryden*2e-9f;
                }
        }

        /*********************************************************************
         *                                                                   *
         * estimate hydrogen's level of ionization                           *
         *                                                                   *
         *********************************************************************/

        /* create fake ionization balance, but will conserve number of hydrogens */
        dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0] = 0.;
        dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1] = dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN];
        /* this must be zero since PresTotCurrent will do radiation pressure due to H */
        iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].st[ipH1s].Pop() = 0.;

        /* "extra" electrons from command line, or assumed residual electrons */
        double EdenExtraLocal = dense.EdenExtra + 
                /* if we are in a molecular cloud the current logic could badly fail
                * do not let electron density fall below 1e-7 of H density */
                1e-7*dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN];
        EdenChange( dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1] + EdenExtraLocal );

        /* hydrogen case B recombination coefficient */
        HCaseBRecCoeff = (-9.9765209 + 0.158607055*phycon.telogn[0] + 0.30112749*
          phycon.telogn[1] - 0.063969007*phycon.telogn[2] + 0.0012691546*
          phycon.telogn[3])/(1. + 0.035055422*phycon.telogn[0] - 
          0.037621619*phycon.telogn[1] + 0.0076175048*phycon.telogn[2] - 
          0.00023432613*phycon.telogn[3]);
        HCaseBRecCoeff = exp10(HCaseBRecCoeff)/phycon.te;

        double CollIoniz = t_ADfA::Inst().coll_ion_wrapper(0,0,phycon.te);

        // mean H-ionizing photon energy
        double PhotonEnergy = 1.;
        if( rfield.qhtot>SMALLFLOAT )
                PhotonEnergy = prt.powion/rfield.qhtot/EN1RYD;

        double OtherIonization = rfield.qhtot*6.3e-18/POW3(PhotonEnergy) +
                secondaries.csupra[ipHYDROGEN][0];

        double newEden = dense.eden;
        long loopCount = 0;

        do
        {
                /* update electron density */
                EdenChange( newEden );
                double RatioIoniz = 
                        (CollIoniz*dense.eden+OtherIonization)/(HCaseBRecCoeff*dense.eden);
                if( RatioIoniz<1e-3 )
                {
                        /* very low ionization solution */
                        dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1] = dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN]*RatioIoniz;
                        dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0] = dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN] - 
                                dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1];
                        ASSERT( dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0]>=0. &&
                                dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0]<=dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN]);
                        ASSERT( dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1]>=0. &&
                                dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1]<dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN]);
                        //fprintf(ioQQQ,"DEBUG br 1 H0 %.2e\n", dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0]);
                }
                else if( RatioIoniz>1e3 )
                {
                        /* very high ionization solution */
                        dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0] = dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN]/RatioIoniz;
                        dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1] = dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN] - 
                                dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0];
                        ASSERT( dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0]>=0. &&
                                dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0]<dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN]);
                        ASSERT( dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1]>=0. &&
                                dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1]<=dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN]);
                        //fprintf(ioQQQ,"DEBUG br 2 H0 %.2e rat %.2e\n", dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0],
                        //              dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN]/RatioIoniz);
                }
                else
                {
                        /* intermediate ionization - solve quadratic */
                        double alpha = HCaseBRecCoeff + CollIoniz ;
                        double beta = HCaseBRecCoeff*EdenExtraLocal + OtherIonization +
                                (EdenExtraLocal - dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN])*CollIoniz;
                        double gamma = -dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN]*(OtherIonization+EdenExtraLocal*CollIoniz);

                        double discriminant = POW2(beta) - 4.*alpha*gamma;
                        if( discriminant <0 )
                        {
                                /* oops */
                                fprintf(ioQQQ," DISASTER PROBLEM cont_initensity found negative discriminant.\n");
                                TotalInsanity();
                        }

                        dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1] = (realnum)((-beta + sqrt(discriminant))/(2.*alpha));
                        if( dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1]> dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN] )
                        {
                                /* oops */
                                fprintf(ioQQQ," DISASTER PROBLEM cont_initensity found n(H+)>n(H).\n");
                                TotalInsanity();
                        }
                        dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0] = dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN] -
                                dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1];
                        if( dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0]<= 0 )
                        {
                                /* oops */
                                fprintf(ioQQQ," DISASTER PROBLEM cont_initensity found n(H0)<0.\n");
                                TotalInsanity();
                        }
                        //fprintf(ioQQQ,"DEBUG br 3 H0 %.2e\n", dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0]);
                }


                if( dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1] > 1e-30 )
                {
                        iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].st[ipH1s].Pop() = dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0];
                }
                else
                {
                        iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].st[ipH1s].Pop() = 0.;
                }

                /* now save estimates of whether induced recombination is going
                 * to be important -this is a code pacesetter since GammaBn is slower
                 * than GammaK */
                hydro.lgHInducImp = false;
                for( i=ipH1s; i < iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].numLevels_max; i++ )
                {
                        if( rfield.OccNumbIncidCont[iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].fb[i].ipIsoLevNIonCon-1] > 0.01 )
                                hydro.lgHInducImp = true;
                }

                /*******************************************************************
                 *                                                                 *
                 * estimate helium's level of ionization                           *
                 *                                                                 *
                 *******************************************************************/

                /* only if helium is turned on */
                if( dense.lgElmtOn[ipHELIUM] )
                {
                        /* next estimate level of helium singly ionized */
                        xIoniz = (realnum)t_ADfA::Inst().coll_ion_wrapper(1,0,phycon.te);
                        /* >>chng 05 jan 05, add cosmic rays */
                        xIoniz = (realnum)(xIoniz*dense.eden + rfield.qhe*1e-18 +  secondaries.csupra[ipHELIUM][1] );
                        double RecTot = HCaseBRecCoeff*dense.eden;
                        RatioIonizToRecomb = xIoniz/RecTot;

                        /* now estimate level of helium doubly ionized */
                        xIoniz = (realnum)t_ADfA::Inst().coll_ion_wrapper(1,1,phycon.te);
                        /* >>chng 05 jan 05, add cosmic rays */
                        xIoniz = (realnum)(xIoniz*dense.eden + rfield.qheii*1e-18 +  ionbal.CosRayIonRate );

                        /* rough charge dependence */
                        RecTot *= 4.;
                        r3ov2 = xIoniz/RecTot;

                        /* now set level of helium ionization */
                        if( RatioIonizToRecomb > 0. )
                        {
                                double r1 = dense.gas_phase[ipHELIUM]/(1./RatioIonizToRecomb + 1. + r3ov2);
                                dense.xIonDense[ipHELIUM][1] = (realnum)(r1);
                                dense.xIonDense[ipHELIUM][0] = (realnum)(r1/RatioIonizToRecomb);
                                dense.xIonDense[ipHELIUM][2] = (realnum)(r1*r3ov2);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                /* no He ionizing radiation */
                                dense.xIonDense[ipHELIUM][1] = dense.xIonDense[ipHELIUM][2] = 0.;
                                dense.xIonDense[ipHELIUM][0] = dense.gas_phase[ipHELIUM];
                        }

                        if( dense.xIonDense[ipHELIUM][2] > 1e-30 )
                        {
                                iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHELIUM].st[ipH1s].Pop() = dense.xIonDense[ipHELIUM][1];
                        }
                        else
                        {
                                iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHELIUM].st[ipH1s].Pop() = 0.;
                        }
                }
                else
                {
                        /* case where helium is turned off */
                        dense.xIonDense[ipHELIUM][1] = 0.;
                        dense.xIonDense[ipHELIUM][0] = 0.;
                        dense.xIonDense[ipHELIUM][2] = 0.;
                        iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHELIUM].st[ipH1s].Pop() = 0.;
                }
                
                /* update electron density */
                newEden = dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1] + EdenExtraLocal + dense.xIonDense[ipHELIUM][1] + 2.*dense.xIonDense[ipHELIUM][2];

                loopCount++;
        }
        /* repeat above until guessed and calculated eden agree to at least 0.1%. */
        while( loopCount < 10 && fabs(newEden/dense.eden - 1.) > 0.001 );

        if( dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0]<0.)
                TotalInsanity();
        else if( dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0] == 0. )
        {
                fprintf(ioQQQ,"PROBLEM the derived atomic hydrogen density is zero.\n");
                if( dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN]<1e-5 && rfield.uh > 1e10)
                {
                        fprintf(ioQQQ,"This is almost certainly due to floating point "
                                "limits on this computer.\nThe ionization parameter is very large,"
                                " the density is very small,\nand the H^0 density cannot be"
                                " stored in a double.\n");
                        //cdEXIT( EXIT_FAILURE );
                }
        }
        //ASSERT( dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0] >0 && dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1]>= 0.);

        /* update electron density */
        EdenChange( newEden );

        if( dense.eden <= SMALLFLOAT )
        {
                /* no electrons! */
                fprintf(ioQQQ,"\n PROBLEM DISASTER - this simulation has no source"
                        " of ionization.  The electron density is zero.  Consider "
                        "adding a source of ionization such as cosmic rays.\n\n");
                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        /* fix range of stages of ionization */
        ion_trim_init();

        // make first estimate of iso continuum lowering 
        for( long ipISO=ipH_LIKE; ipISO<NISO; ++ipISO )
        {
                for( long nelem=ipISO; nelem<LIMELM; ++nelem)
                {
                        if( nelem < 2 || dense.lgElmtOn[nelem] )
                        {
                                if( iso_ctrl.lgContinuumLoweringEnabled[ipISO] )
                                        iso_continuum_lower( ipISO, nelem );
                        }
                }
        }

        /* estimate electrons from heavies, assuming each at least
         * 1 times ionized */
        EdenHeav = 0.;
        realnum atomFrac = dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][0]/dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN];
        realnum firstIonFrac = dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1]/dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN];
        for( nelem=ipLITHIUM; nelem < LIMELM; nelem++ )
        {
                if( dense.lgElmtOn[nelem] )
                {
                        if( dense.IonLow[nelem] == 0 && dense.IonHigh[nelem] >=1)
                        {
                                realnum low2dens = dense.xIonDense[nelem][0]+dense.xIonDense[nelem][1];
                                dense.xIonDense[nelem][0] = low2dens * atomFrac;
                                dense.xIonDense[nelem][1] = low2dens * firstIonFrac;
                        }
                        for (long ion=1;ion<dense.IonHigh[nelem];++ion)
                        {
                                EdenHeav += ion*dense.xIonDense[nelem][ion];
                        }
                }
        }

        /* modify estimate of electron density */
        dense.eden += EdenHeav;

        /* >>chng 05 jan 05, insure positive eden */
        EdenChange( MAX2( SMALLFLOAT , dense.eden ) );

        if( dense.EdenSet > 0. )
        {
                EdenChange( dense.EdenSet );
        }

        dense.EdenHCorr = dense.eden;
        dense.EdenHCorr_f = (realnum)dense.EdenHCorr;

        if( dense.eden < 0. )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " PROBLEM DISASTER Negative electron density results in ContSetIntensity.\n" );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, "%10.2e%10.2e%10.2e%10.2e%10.2e%10.2e\n", 
                  dense.eden, dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1], dense.xIonDense[ipHELIUM][1], 
                  dense.xIonDense[ipHELIUM][2], dense.gas_phase[ipCARBON], dense.EdenExtra );
                TotalInsanity();
        }

        if( dense.EdenSet > 0. )
        {
                dense.EdenTrue = dense.EdenSet;
        }
        else
                dense.EdenTrue = dense.eden;

        if( trace.lgTrace )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, 
                        " ContSetIntensity sets initial EDEN to %.4e, contributors H+=%.2e He+, ++= %.2e %.2e Heav %.2e extra %.2e\n", 
                  dense.eden ,
                  dense.xIonDense[ipHYDROGEN][1],
                  dense.xIonDense[ipHELIUM][1],
          2.*dense.xIonDense[ipHELIUM][2],
                  EdenHeav,
                  dense.EdenExtra);
        }

        // photon occupation number at 1 Ryd - used for printout
        occ1 = (realnum)(prt.fx1ryd/HNU3C2/PI4/FR1RYD);
        if( occ1 > 1. )
                rfield.lgOcc1Hi = true;
        else
                rfield.lgOcc1Hi = false;

        if( trace.lgTrace && trace.lgConBug )
        {
                fprintf(ioQQQ,"\ntrace continuum print of %li incident spectral "
                        "components\n", rfield.nShape);
                fprintf(ioQQQ,"  #   type Illum Beam? 1/cos TimeVary?\n");
                for( rfield.ipSpec=0; rfield.ipSpec<rfield.nShape; ++rfield.ipSpec )
                {
                        fprintf(ioQQQ,"%3li %6s %5i     %c %.3f        %c\n", 
                                rfield.ipSpec ,
                                rfield.chSpType[rfield.ipSpec],
                                rfield.Illumination[rfield.ipSpec],
                                TorF(rfield.lgBeamed[rfield.ipSpec]),
                                rfield.OpticalDepthScaleFactor[rfield.ipSpec],
                                TorF(rfield.lgTimeVary[rfield.ipSpec]));
                }
                fprintf(ioQQQ,"\n");

                /*  print some useful pointers to ionization edges */
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " H2,1=%5ld%5ld NX=%5ld IRC=%5ld\n", 
                  iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].fb[2].ipIsoLevNIonCon, 
                  iso_sp[ipH_LIKE][ipHYDROGEN].fb[ipH1s].ipIsoLevNIonCon,
                  opac.ipCKshell, 
                  ionbal.ipCompRecoil[ipHYDROGEN][0] );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " CARBON" );
                for( i=0; i < 6; i++ )
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, "%5ld", Heavy.ipHeavy[ipCARBON][i] );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, "\n" );

                fprintf( ioQQQ, " OXY" );
                for( i=0; i < 8; i++ )
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, "%5ld", Heavy.ipHeavy[ipOXYGEN][i] );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, "%5ld%5ld%5ld\n", opac.ipo3exc[0],
                  oxy.i2d, oxy.i2p );

                double sum = 0.;
                ASSERT( rfield.ipG0_DB96_lo>0 );
                for( i=rfield.ipG0_DB96_lo; i < rfield.ipG0_DB96_hi; i++ )
                        sum += rfield.flux[0][i];
                fprintf(ioQQQ,"\n Sum DB96 photons %.2e", sum);
                sum = 0.;
                for( i=(Heavy.ipHeavy[ipHYDROGEN][0] - 1); i<rfield.nflux; i++ )
                        sum += rfield.flux[0][i];
                fprintf(ioQQQ,", sum H-ioniz photons %.2e\n", sum);


                fprintf( ioQQQ, "\n\n PHOTONS PER CELL (NOT RYD)\n" );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " nu, flux, wid, occ \n" );
                for( i=0; i < rfield.nflux; i++ )
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, "%4ld%10.2e%10.2e%10.2e%10.2e\n", i,
                          rfield.anu(i), rfield.flux[0][i], rfield.widflx(i), 
                          rfield.OccNumbIncidCont[i] );
                }
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " \n" );
        }

        /* zero out some continua related to the ots rates,
         * prototype and routine in RT_OTS_Update.  This is done here since summed cont will
         * be set to rfield */
        RT_OTS_Zero();

        if( trace.lgTrace )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " ContSetIntensity returns, nflux=%5ld anu(nflux)=%11.4e eden=%10.2e\n", 
                  rfield.nflux, rfield.anu(rfield.nflux-1), dense.eden );
        }

        return;
}

/*sumcon sums L and Q for net incident continuum */
STATIC void sumcon(long int il, 
  long int ih, 
  realnum *q, 
  realnum *p, 
  realnum *panu)
{
        long int i, 
          iupper; /* used as upper limit to the sum */

        DEBUG_ENTRY( "sumcon()" );

        *q = 0.;
        *p = 0.;
        *panu = 0.;

        /* soft continua may not go as high as the requested bin */
        iupper = MIN2(rfield.nflux,ih);

        for( i=il-1; i < iupper; i++ )
        {
                /* sum photon number */
                *q += rfield.flux[0][i];
                /* en1ryd is needed to stop overflow */
                /* sum flux */
                *p += (realnum)(rfield.flux[0][i]*(rfield.anu(i)*EN1RYD));
                /* this sum needed for means */
                *panu += (realnum)(rfield.flux[0][i]*(rfield.anu2(i)*EN1RYD));
        }

        return;
}

/*extin do extinction of incident continuum as set by extinguish command */
STATIC void extin(realnum *ex1ryd)
{

        DEBUG_ENTRY( "extin()" );

        /* modify input continuum by leaky absorber
         * power law fit to 
         * >>refer      XUV     extinction      Cruddace, R., Paresce, F., Bowyer, S., & Lampton, M. 1974, ApJ, 187, 497. */
        if( rfield.ExtinguishColumnDensity == 0. )
        {
                *ex1ryd = 1.;

                for( long i=0; i<rfield.nflux_with_check; ++i )
                        rfield.ExtinguishFactor[i] = 1.;
        }
        else
        {
                double absorb = 1. - rfield.ExtinguishLeakage;
                double factor = rfield.ExtinguishColumnDensity*
                        rfield.ExtinguishConvertColDen2OptDepth;
                /* extinction at 1 4 Ryd */
                *ex1ryd = (realnum)(rfield.ExtinguishLeakage + absorb*sexp(factor));

                // low energy limit of extinction
                long low = ipoint(rfield.ExtinguishLowEnergyLimit);

                for( long i=0; i<low-1; ++i )
                        rfield.ExtinguishFactor[i] = 1.;

                for( long i=low-1; i < rfield.nflux_with_check; i++ )
                {
                        realnum extfactor = (realnum)(rfield.ExtinguishLeakage + absorb*
                                sexp(factor*(pow(rfield.anu(i),(double)rfield.ExtinguishEnergyPowerLow))));

                        rfield.ExtinguishFactor[i] = extfactor;
                        rfield.flux_beam_const[i] *= extfactor;
                        rfield.flux_beam_time[i] *= extfactor;
                        rfield.flux_isotropic[i] *= extfactor;

                        rfield.flux[0][i] = rfield.flux_beam_const[i] + rfield.flux_beam_time[i] +
                                rfield.flux_isotropic[i];
                }
        }
        return;
}

/*conorm normalize continuum to proper intensity */
STATIC void conorm()
{
        long int i;
        double 
          diff, 
          f, 
          flx1, 
          flx2, 
          pentrd, 
          qentrd;

        DEBUG_ENTRY( "conorm()" );

        /* this is a sanity check, it can't happen */
        for( i=0; i < rfield.nShape; i++ )
        {
                if( strcmp(rfield.chRSpec[i],"UNKN") == 0 )
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " UNKN spectral normalization cannot happen.\n" );
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " conorm punts.\n" );
                        cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }

                else if( strcmp(rfield.chRSpec[i],"SQCM") != 0 && 
                              strcmp(rfield.chRSpec[i],"4 PI") != 0 )
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " chRSpec must be SQCM or 4 PI, and it was %4.4s.  This cannot happen.\n", 
                          rfield.chRSpec[i] );
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " conorm punts.\n" );
                        cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }


                /* this sanity check makes sure that atlas.mod or werner.mod grids
                 * are for the current version of the code */
                if( strcmp(rfield.chSpType[i],"VOLK ") == 0 )
                {
                        if( !fp_equal( rfield.RSFCheck[i], rfield.getResolutionScaleFactor() ) )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ,"\n\n PROBLEM DISASTER At least one of the compiled stellar atmosphere"
                                         " grids has been compiled with a different energy grid resolution factor.\n" );
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " Please recompile this file using the COMPILE STARS command "
                                         "and make sure that you use the correct SET CONTINUUM RESOLUTION factor.\n" );
                                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
                        }
                }
                else if( strcmp(rfield.chSpType[i],"READ ") == 0 )
                {
                        if( !fp_equal( rfield.RSFCheck[i], rfield.getResolutionScaleFactor() ) )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ,"\n\n PROBLEM DISASTER The file read by the TABLE READ command "
                                         "has been compiled with a different energy grid resolution factor.\n" );
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " Please recompile this file using the SAVE TRANSMITTED CONTINUUM "
                                         "command and use the correct SET CONTINUUM RESOLUTION factor.\n" );
                                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
                        }
                }
        }

        /* this sanity check is that the grains we have read in from opacity files agree
         * with the energy grid in this version of cloudy */
        for( size_t nd=0; nd < gv.bin.size(); nd++ )
        {
                if( !fp_equal( gv.bin[nd]->RSFCheck, rfield.getResolutionScaleFactor() ) )
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ,"\n\n PROBLEM DISASTER At least one of the grain opacity files "
                                 "has been compiled with a different energy grid resolution factor.\n" );
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " Please recompile this file using the COMPILE GRAINS command "
                                 "and make sure that you use the correct SET CONTINUUM RESOLUTION factor.\n" );
                        cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
        }

        /* default is is to predict line intensities, 
         * but if any continuum specified as luminosity then would override this -
         * following two values are correct for intensities */
        radius.pirsq = 0.;

        /* check whether ANY luminosities are present */
        for( i=0; i < rfield.nShape; i++ )
        {
                if( strcmp(rfield.chRSpec[i],"4 PI") == 0 )
                {
                        ASSERT( radius.rinner > 0. );
                        double xLog_radius_inner = log10(radius.rinner);

                        /* convert down to intensity */
                        radius.pirsq = (realnum)(1.0992099 + 2.*xLog_radius_inner);
                        rfield.totpow[i] -= radius.pirsq;

                        if( trace.lgTrace )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, 
                                        " conorm converts continuum %ld from luminosity to intensity.\n", 
                                        i );
                        }
                }
        }

        /* convert ionization parameters to number of photons, called "q(h)"
         * at this stage q(h) and "PHI " are the same */
        for( i=0; i < rfield.nShape; i++ )
        {
                if( strcmp(rfield.chSpNorm[i],"IONI") == 0 )
                {
                        /* the log of the ionization parameter was stored here, this converts
                         * it to the log of the number of photons per sq cm */
                        rfield.totpow[i] += log10(dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN]) + log10(SPEEDLIGHT);
                        strcpy( rfield.chSpNorm[i], "Q(H)" );
                        if( trace.lgTrace )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, 
                                        " conorm converts continuum %ld from ionizat par to q(h).\n", 
                                        i );
                        }
                }
        }

        /* convert x-ray ionization parameter xi to intensity */
        for( i=0; i < rfield.nShape; i++ )
        {
                if( strcmp(rfield.chSpNorm[i],"IONX") == 0 )
                {
                        /* this converts it to an intensity */
                        rfield.totpow[i] += log10(dense.gas_phase[ipHYDROGEN]) - log10(PI4);
                        strcpy( rfield.chSpNorm[i], "LUMI" );
                        if( trace.lgTrace )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " conorm converts continuum%3ld from x-ray ionizat par to I.\n", 
                                  i );
                        }
                }
        }

        /* indicate whether we ended up with luminosity or intensity */
        if( trace.lgTrace )
        {
                if( radius.lgPredLumin )
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " Cloudy will predict lumin into 4pi\n" );
                }
                else
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " Cloudy will do surface flux for lumin\n" );
                }
        }

        /* if intensity per unit area is predicted then geometric
         * covering factor must be unity
         * variable can also be set elsewhere */
        if( !radius.lgPredLumin )
        {
                geometry.covgeo = 1.;
        }

        /* main loop over all continuum shapes to find continuum normalization 
         * for each one */
        for( i=0; i < rfield.nShape; i++ )
        {
                rfield.ipSpec = i;

                /* check that, if laser, bounds include laser energy */
                if( strcmp(rfield.chSpType[rfield.ipSpec],"LASER") == 0 )
                {
                        if( !( rfield.range[rfield.ipSpec][0] < rfield.slope[rfield.ipSpec] &&
                                rfield.range[rfield.ipSpec][1] > rfield.slope[rfield.ipSpec]) )
                        {
                                fprintf(ioQQQ,"PROBLEM DISASTER, a continuum source is a laser at %f Ryd, but the intensity was specified over a range from %f to %f Ryd.\n",
                                        rfield.slope[rfield.ipSpec],
                                        rfield.range[rfield.ipSpec][0],
                                        rfield.range[rfield.ipSpec][1]);
                                fprintf(ioQQQ,"Please specify the continuum flux where the laser is active.\n");
                                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
                        }
                }

                if( trace.lgTrace )
                {
                        long int jj;
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " conorm continuum number %ld is shape %s range is %.2e %.2e\n", 
                          i, 
                          rfield.chSpType[i], 
                          rfield.range[i][0], 
                          rfield.range[i][1] );
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, "the continuum points follow\n");
                        for( jj=0; jj < min(rfield.ncont[rfield.nShape],100); ++jj )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, "%li %e %e\n",
                                         jj ,
                                         rfield.tNu[rfield.ipSpec][jj].Ryd(),
                                         rfield.tslop[rfield.ipSpec][jj] );
                        }
                }

                if( strcmp(rfield.chSpNorm[i],"RATI") == 0 )
                {
                        /* option to scale relative to previous continua
                         * this must come first since otherwise may be too late
                         * BUT ratio cannot be the first continuum source */
                        if( trace.lgTrace )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " conorm this is ratio to 1st con\n" );
                        }

                        /* check that this is not the first continuum source, we must ratio */
                        if( i == 0 )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " I cant form a ratio if continuum is first source.\n" );
                                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
                        }

                        /* first find photon flux and Q of previous continuum */
                        rfield.ipSpec -= 1;
                        flx1 = ffun1(rfield.range[i][0])*rfield.spfac[rfield.ipSpec]*
                          rfield.range[i][0];

                        /* check that previous continua were not zero where ratio is formed */
                        if( flx1 <= 0. )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " Previous continua were zero where ratio is desired.\n" );
                                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
                        }

                        /* return pointer to previous (correct) value, find F, Q */
                        rfield.ipSpec += 1;

                        /* we want a continuum totpow as powerful, flx is now desired flx */
                        flx1 *= rfield.totpow[i];

                        /*.        find flux of this new continuum at that point */
                        flx2 = ffun1(rfield.range[i][1])*rfield.range[i][1];

                        /* this is ratio of desired to actual */
                        rfield.spfac[i] = flx1/flx2;
                        if( trace.lgTrace )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " conorm ratio will set scale fac to%10.3e at%10.2e Ryd.\n", 
                                  rfield.totpow[i], rfield.range[i][0] );
                        }
                }

                else if( strcmp(rfield.chSpNorm[i],"FLUX") == 0 )
                {
                        /* specify flux density
                         * option to use arbitrary frequency or range */
                        f = ffun1(rfield.range[i][0]); 

                        /* make sure this is positive, could be zero if out of range of table,
                         * or for various forms of insanity */
                        if( f<=SMALLDOUBLE )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, "\n\n PROBLEM DISASTER\n The intensity of continuum source %ld is non-positive at the energy used to normalize it (%.3e Ryd).  Something is seriously wrong.\n", 
                                        i , rfield.range[i][0]);
                                /* is this a table?  if so, is ffun within its bounds? */
                                if( strcmp(rfield.chSpType[i],"INTER") == 0 )
                                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " This continuum shape given by a table of points - check that the intensity is specified at an energy within the range of that table.\n");
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " Also check that the numbers used to specify the shape and intensity do not under or overflow on this cpu.\n\n");

                                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
                        }

                        /* now convert to log in continuum units we shall use */
                        // EN1RYD/FR1RYD == HPLANCK
                        f = log10(f) + log10(rfield.range[i][0]*EN1RYD/FR1RYD);
                        f = rfield.totpow[i] - f;
                        rfield.spfac[i] = exp10(f);

                        if( trace.lgTrace )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " conorm will set log fnu to%10.3e at%10.2e Ryd.  Factor=%11.4e\n", 
                                  rfield.totpow[i], rfield.range[i][0], rfield.spfac[i] );
                        }
                }

                else if( strcmp(rfield.chSpNorm[i],"Q(H)") == 0 || 
                        strcmp(rfield.chSpNorm[i],"PHI ") == 0 )
                {
                        /* some type of photon density entered */
                        if( trace.lgTrace )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " conorm calling qintr range=%11.3e %11.3e desired val is %11.3e\n", 
                                  rfield.range[i][0], 
                                  rfield.range[i][1] ,
                                  rfield.totpow[i]);
                        }

                        /* the total number of photons over the specified range in
                         * the arbitrary system of units that the code save the continuum shape */
                        ASSERT( rfield.range[i][0] < rfield.range[i][1] );
                        qentrd = qintr(rfield.range[i][0],rfield.range[i][1]);
                        /* this is the log of the scale factor that must multiply the 
                         * continuum shape to get the final set of numbers */
                        diff = rfield.totpow[i] - qentrd;

                        if( diff < log10(SMALLDOUBLE) || diff > log10(BIGDOUBLE) )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " PROBLEM DISASTER Continuum source specified is too extreme.\n" );
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, 
                                        " The integral over the continuum shape gave (log) %.3e photons, and the command requested (log) %.3e.\n" ,
                                        qentrd , rfield.totpow[i]);
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, 
                                        " The difference in the log is %.3e.\n" ,
                                        diff );
                                if( diff>0. )
                                {
                                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " The continuum source is too bright.\n" );
                                }
                                else
                                {
                                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " The continuum source is too faint.\n" );
                                }
                                /* explain what happened */
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " The usual cause for this problem is an incorrect continuum intensity/luminosity or radius command.\n" );
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " There were a total of %li continuum shape commands entered - the problem is with number %li.\n",
                                        rfield.nShape , i+1 );
                                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
                        }

                        else
                        {
                                rfield.spfac[i] = exp10(diff);
                        }

                        if( trace.lgTrace )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " conorm finds Q over range from%11.4e-%11.4e Ryd, integral= %10.4e Factor=%11.4e\n", 
                                  rfield.range[i][0], 
                                  rfield.range[i][1], 
                                  qentrd ,
                                  rfield.spfac[i] );
                        }
                }

                else if( strcmp(rfield.chSpNorm[i],"LUMI") == 0 )
                {
                        /* luminosity entered, special since default is TOTAL lumin */
                        /*pintr integrates L for any continuum between two limits, used for normalization,
                         * return units are log of ryd cm-2 s-1, last log conv to ergs */
                        pentrd = pintr(rfield.range[i][0],rfield.range[i][1]) + log10(EN1RYD);
                        f = rfield.totpow[i] - pentrd;
                        rfield.spfac[i] = exp10(f);

                        if( trace.lgTrace )
                        {
                                fprintf( ioQQQ, " conorm finds luminosity range is %10.3e to %9.3e Ryd, factor is %11.4e\n", 
                                  rfield.range[i][0], rfield.range[i][1], 
                                  rfield.spfac[i] );
                        }
                }

                else
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, "PROBLEM DISASTER What chSpNorm label is this? =%s=\n", rfield.chSpNorm[i]);
                        TotalInsanity();
                }

                /* spfac used to renormalize SED into flux */
                if( fabs(rfield.spfac[i]) <=SMALLDOUBLE )
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, "PROBLEM DISASTER conorm finds infinite continuum scale factor.\n" );
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, "The continuum is too intense to compute with this cpu.\n" );
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, "Were the intensity and luminosity commands switched?\n" );
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, "Sorry, but I cannot go on.\n" );
                        cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
        }

        /* this is conversion factor for final units of line intensities or luminosities in printout,
         * will be intensities (==0) unless luminosity is to be printed, or flux at Earth 
         * pirsq is the log of 4 pi r_in^2 */
        radius.Conv2PrtInten = exp10((double)radius.pirsq);

        /* >>chng 02 apr 25, add option for slit on aperture command */
        if( geometry.iEmissPower == 1  )
        {
                if( radius.lgPredLumin )
                {
                        /* factor should be divided by 2 r_in (so that 2pi*r_in remains) */
                        radius.Conv2PrtInten /= (2. * radius.rinner);
                }
                else
                {
                        /* this is an error - slit requested but radius is not known */
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, "PROBLEM DISASTER conorm: Aperture slit specified, but not predicting luminosity.\n" );
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, "conorm: Please specify an inner radius to determine L.\nSorry\n" );
                        cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
        }
        if( geometry.iEmissPower == 0 && radius.lgPredLumin )
        {
                /* leave Conv2PrtInten at zero if not predicting luminosity */
                radius.Conv2PrtInten = 2.;
        }

        /* this is option to give final absolute results as flux observed at Earth */
        if( radius.distance > 0. && radius.lgRadiusKnown && prt.lgPrintFluxEarth )
        {
                /* this implements the conversion from Q_alpha -> F_alpha
                 * described in the section on the APERTURE command in Hazy 1 */
                if( geometry.iEmissPower == 0 )
                        radius.Conv2PrtInten *= double(geometry.size)/SQAS_SKY;
                else if( geometry.iEmissPower == 1 )
                        radius.Conv2PrtInten *= double(geometry.size)/(PI4*AS1RAD*radius.distance);
                else if( geometry.iEmissPower == 2 )
                        radius.Conv2PrtInten /= PI4*pow2(radius.distance);
                else
                        TotalInsanity();
        }

        /* normally lines are into 4pi, this is option to do per sr or arcsec^2 */
        if( prt.lgSurfaceBrightness )
        {
                if( radius.pirsq != 0. )
                {
                        /* make sure we are predicting line intensities, not luminosity */
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " PROBLEM DISASTER Sorry, but both luminosity and surface brightness have been requested for lines.\n" );
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, " the PRINT LINE SURFACE BRIGHTNESS command can only be used when lines are predicted per unit cloud area.\n" );
                        cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
                }
                if( prt.lgSurfaceBrightness_SR )
                {
                        /* we want final units to be per sr */
                        radius.Conv2PrtInten /= PI4;
                }
                else
                {
                        /* we want final units to be per square arcsec */
                        radius.Conv2PrtInten /= SQAS_SKY;
                }
        }
        return;
}

/*qintr integrates Q for any continuum between two limits, used for normalization */
STATIC double qintr(double qenlo, double qenhi)
{
        DEBUG_ENTRY( "qintr()" );

        /* returns LOG of number of photons over energy interval */

        /* this is copy of logic that occurs three times across code */
        ASSERT( qenhi > qenlo );
        long ipLo = rfield.ipointC( qenlo );
        long ipHi = rfield.ipointC( qenhi );
        /* this is actual sum of photons within band */
        double sum = 0.;
        for( long i=ipLo; i < ipHi; i++ )
                sum += ffun1(rfield.anu(i))*rfield.widflx(i);

        if( sum <= 0. )
        {
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " PROBLEM DISASTER Photon number sum in QINTR is %.3e\n", 
                  sum );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " This source has no ionizing radiation, and the number of ionizing photons was specified.\n" );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " This was continuum source number%3ld\n", 
                  rfield.ipSpec );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, " Sorry, but I cannot go on.  ANU and FLUX arrays follow.  Enjoy.\n" );
                fprintf( ioQQQ, "\n\n This error is also caused by an old table read file whose energy mesh does not agree with the code.\n" );
                for( long i=0; i < rfield.nflux_with_check; i++ )
                {
                        fprintf( ioQQQ, "%.2e\t%.2e\n", 
                                rfield.anu(i), 
                                rfield.flux[0][i] );
                }
                cdEXIT(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        return log10(sum);
}

/*pintr integrates L for any continuum between two limits, used for normalization,
 * return units are log of ryd cm-2 s-1 */
STATIC double pintr(double penlo, double penhi)
{
        DEBUG_ENTRY( "pintr()" );

        /* computes log of luminosity in radiation over some integral
         * answer is in Ryd per sec */

        double sum = 0.;
        /* >>chng 02 oct 27, do not call qg32, do same type sum as
                * final integration */
        /* laser is special since delta function, this is center of laser */
        /* >>chng 01 jul 01, was +-21 cells, change to call to ipoint */
        long ip1 = rfield.ipointC( penlo );
        long ip2 = rfield.ipointC( penhi );

        for( long i=ip1; i < ip2; i++ )
                sum += ffun1(rfield.anu(i))*rfield.anu(i)*rfield.widflx(i);

        return ( sum > 0. ) ? log10(sum) : -38.;
}